The doctrine of criminal law of Ukraine has always paid much attention to researching the crimes against justice. At the same time, criminal law is subject to regular updates in respect of establishing the liability for crimes against justice, and this sets the task of outlining the system of a respective group of encroachments taking into account all of the realities of modern legislation. Furthermore, for us the outlined system of crimes against justice would be only the first step in elucidating such an issue as the scene of crimes encroaching on the procedural rights and interests of the suspect and the accused in the relevant system. The purpose of the article is to outline the system of crimes against justice. For this purpose, the following questions are raised: a) has the group of the crimes provided for by Articles 371–375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (hereinafter – the CC of Ukraine) been marked out from among other encroachments on justice?; b) if “Yes” – on what basis (the specifics of the object of crime, the victim, the subject etc.), and what was the name of such a group?; c) if the above-mentioned encroachments have not been considered as a separate group, which groups were the crimes provided for by Articles 371–375 of the CC of Ukraine (or those which corresponded to the ones mentioned in the Criminal Code of Ukraine of 1960) referred to? Therefore, the issue of classification of crimes against justice is still topical. In the Criminal Code of Ukraine, liability for crimes against justice is regulated by Section XVIII of the Special Part containing 33 articles which have common (general) features as well as differences. This is explained, in particular, by the fact that different social values are taken under protection by this Section. There are different classifications of crimes against justice. The article supports the approach according to which the classification is made based on the object of crime. An analysis of scientific literature suggests that the crimes provided for by Articles 371–375 of the CC of Ukraine in the system of crimes against justice were singled out at the doctrinal level only when crimes against justice were classified on the basis of the subject of crime. At the same time, the procedural rights of the suspect or the accused should be considered in criminal law as a comprehensive and meaningfully integrated object protected under criminal law which is encroached upon by the crimes provided for by Articles 371–375 of the CC of Ukraine. Therefore, in the author’s opinion, when classifying the crimes against justice based on the object of crime, it would be expedient to single out the group of encroachments provided for by Articles 371–375 of the CC of Ukraine; the name of this group could be “the crimes encroaching on the procedural rights and interests of the suspect, the accused”.

List of legal documents 
 

Legislation 
1. Konstytutsiia Ukrainy [Constitution of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 28 chervnia 1996 r. № 254к/96-ВР. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80 (accessed 10.05.2018) (in Ukrainian). 
2. Kryminalnyi kodeks Ukrainy [Criminal Code of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 5 kvitnia 2001 r. № 2341-III. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2341-14 (accessed: 15.05.2018) (in Ukrainian). 
3. Kryminalnyi protsesualnyi kodeks Ukrainy [Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 13 kvitnia 2012 r. № 4651-VI. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17 (accessed: 15.05.2018) (in Ukrainian). 
4. Pro sudoustrii i status suddiv [On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 2 chervnia 2016 r. № 1402-VIII. URL: http://zakon3.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/1402-19 (accessed: 10.05.2018) (in Ukrainian). 
5. Pro vnesennia zmin do Konstytutsii Ukrainy (shchodo pravosuddia) [Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (on Justice)]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 2 chervnia 2016 r. № 1401-VIII. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1401-19 (accessed: 21.05.2018) (in Ukrainian). 

Cases 
6. Ukhvala Konstytutsiinoho sudu Ukrainy pro vidmovu u vidkrytti konstytutsiinoho provadzhennia u spravi za konstytutsiinym zvernenniam derzhavnoho zovnishnoekonomichnoho pidpryiemstva “Slavutych-Stal” shchodo tlumachennia statti 124 Konstytutsii Ukrainy i Zakonu Ukrainy “Pro mizhnarodnyi komertsiinyi arbitrazh” [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the Refusal to Open the Constitutional Proceeding in the Case of the Constitutional Petition of the State Foreign Economic Enterprise Slavutych-Stal Concerning the Interpretation of Article 124 of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On International Commercial Arbitration”] vid 14 zhovtnia 1997 № 44-з. URL: http://zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/ v018p710-01 (accessed: 21.05.2018) (in Ukrainian). 
 

Bibliography 
 

Authored books 
7. Bazhanov M, Zlochyny proty pravosuddia: konspekt lektsii [Crimes Against Justice: A Synopsis of Lectures] (Nats yuryd akad Ukrainy 1996) (in Ukrainian). 
8. Bazhanov M, Ugolovno-pravovaja ohrana sovetskogo pravosudija: uchebnoe posobie’ [Criminal Law Defence of Soviet Justice: A Training Manual] (Jurid in-t 1986) (in Russian). 
9. Vlasov I i Tjazhkova I, Otvetstvennost’ za prestuplenija protiv pravosudija [Responsibility for Crimes Against Justice] (Yuridicheskaya literatura 1968) (in Russian). 
10. Gorelik A i Lobanova L, Prestuplenija protiv pravosudija [Crimes Against Justice] (Yuridicheskiy tsentr Press 2005) (in Russian). 
11. Dudorov O y Khavroniuk M, Kryminalne pravo: navchalnyi posibnyk [Criminal Law: Tutorial] (Vaite 2014) (in Ukrainian). 
12. Kuznetsov V ta Syiploki M, Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za prytiahnennia yak obvynuvachenoho zavidomo nevynnoi osoby [Criminal Liability for the Prosecution of a Guilty, Knowingly Innocent Person] (ZakDU 2011) (in Ukrainian). 
13. Lobanova L, Prestuplenija protiv pravosudija: teoreticheskie problemy klassifikacii i zakonodatel’noj reglamentacii [Crimes Against Justice: theoretical problems of Classification and Legislative Regulation] (Izd-vo Volgograds’kogo un-ta 1999) (in Russian). 
14. Miroshnychenko S, Zlochyny proty pravosuddia: teoriia ta praktyka protydii [Crimes Against Justice: Theory and Practice of Counteraction] (Desna 2012) (in Ukrainian). 
15. Navrotskyi V, Zlochyny proty pravosuddia: Tekst lektsii dlia studentiv yurydychnogo ffkultetu [Crimes Against Justice: the Text of a Lecture for a Students Lawyer Faculty] (Vydavnytstvo LDU 1997) (in Ukrainian). 
16. Navrotskyi V, Kryminalne pravo Ukrainy. Osoblyva chastyna: kurs lektsii [Criminal Law of Ukraine. Special part: Course of Lectures] (KOO 2000) (in Ukrainian). 
17. Poznyshev S, Osnovnye voprosy uchenija o nakazanii [The Main Questions of the Doctrine of Punishment] (1904) (in Russian). 
18. Rashkovskaja Sh, Prestuplenija protiv socialisticheskogo pravosudija: lekcija dlja studentov VJUZI [Crimes Against Socialist Justice] (1978) (in Russian). 

Edited books 
19. Borysov V ta Tiutiuhin V (red), Zlochyny proty pravosuddia: navchalnyi posibnyk [Crimes Against Justice: a Manual] (Nats yuryd akad Ukrainy 2011) (in Ukrainian). 
20. Galahova A (red), Prestuplenija protiv pravosudija [Crimes Against Justice] (Norma 2005) 416 (in Russian). 
21. Dudorov O ta Pysmenskyi Ye (red), Kryminalne pravo. Osoblyva chastyna: pidruchnyk [Criminal Law. Special Part: Textbook] t 2 (Elton-2 2012) (in Ukrainian). 
22. Melnyk M ta Klymenko V (red), Kryminalne pravo Ukrainy. Osoblyva chastyna: pidruchnyk [Criminal Law of Ukraine. Special Part: Textbook] (vyd 2-he, pererobl ta dopov, Atika 2008) (in Ukrainian). 
23. Svetlov A i Stashis V (red), Ugolovnoe pravo SSR na sovremennom jetape: Chast’ osobennaja [The Criminal Law of the SSR at the Present Stage: Special Part] (1985) (in Russian). 
24. Tatsii V ta Borysov V ta Tiutiuhin V (red), Kryminalne pravo Ukrainy: Osoblyva chastyna: pidruchnyk [Criminal Law of Ukraine: Special Part: Textbook] (5-te vyd, pererobl i dopov, Pravo 2015) (in Ukrainian). 
25. Fesenko Ye, ‘Zlochyny proty pravosuddia’ [‘Crimes Against Justice’] v Matyshevskyi P ta inshi (red), Kryminalne pravo Ukrainy: Osoblyva chastyna: pidruchnyk dlia studentiv yurydychnyh vuziv i fakultetiv (1999) (in Ukrainian). 
26. Yatsenko S (red), Kryminalne pravo Ukrainy: Praktykum: Navchalnyi posibnyk [Criminal Law of Ukraine: Workshop: Textbook] (2-e vyd, pererob i dopov, Yurinkom Inter 2004) (in Ukrainian). 

Journal articles 
27. Andrushko P, ‘Doktrynalne i pravozastosovne tlumachennia normy, sformulovanoi u st. 375 KK Ukrainy’ [‘The Doctrinal and Lawful Interpretation of the Norm Formulated in Art. 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine’] (2015) 7-8 Yurydychna Ukraina 86 (in Ukrainian). 
28. – –, ‘Osoblyvosti kryminalno-pravovoi kvalifikatsii prytiahnennia zavidomo nevynnoho do kryminalnoi vidpovidalnosti: teoretychni oriientyry ta pravozastosovna praktyka’ [‘Peculiarities of the Criminal-Law Qualification of the Charge of Knowingly Innocent Criminal Liability: Theoretical Guidelines and Law Enforcement Practice’] (2015) 10-12 Yurydychna Ukraina 176 (in Ukrainian). 
29. – –, ‘Osoblyvosti kryminalno-pravovoi kvalifikatsii prytiahnennia zavidomo nevynnoho do kryminalnoi vidpovidalnosti: teoretychni oriientyry ta pravozastosovna praktyka’ [‘Peculiarities of the Criminal-Law Qualification of Bringing of a Knowingly Innocent to Criminal Responsibility: the Theoretical Guidelines and Law Practice (Part Two)’] (2015) 10-12 Yurydychna Ukraina 49 (in Ukrainian). 
30. – –, ‘Problemni pytannia kvalifikatsii postanovlennia suddeiu (suddiamy) zavidomo nepravosudnoho vyroku, rishennia, ukhvaly abo postanovy’ [‘Problematic Issues Regarding the Qualification of a Judge (Judge) Knowingly Unjust Sentence, Decision, Decree or Ruling’] (2014) 4 Advokat 13 (in Ukrainian). 
31. – –, ‘Problemni pytannia kvalifikatsii postanovlennia suddeiu (suddiamy) zavidomo nepravosudnoho vyroku, rishennia, ukhvaly abo postanovy’ [‘Problematic Issues Regarding the Qualification of a Judge (Judge) Knowingly Unjust Sentence, Decision, Decree or Ruling’] (2014) 5 Advokat 5 (in Ukrainian). 
32. Borysov V, ‘Vidpovidnist kryminalnoho zakonu konstytutsiinym pryntsypam zdiisnennia pravosuddia v Ukraini’ [‘The compliance of the criminal law with the Constitutional Principles of the Administration of Justice in Ukraine’] (2009) 18 Pytannia borotby zi zlochynnistiu 4 (in Ukrainian). 
33. Burdin V, ‘Okremi problemy zlochyniv proty pravosuddia za KK Ukrainy’ [‘Some Problems of Crimes Against Justice under the Criminal Code of Ukraine’] (2004) 2 Zhyttia i pravo 74 (in Ukrainian). 
34. Kvasha O, ‘Poniattia zlochyniv proty pravosuddia’ [‘The Concept of Crimes Against Justice’] (2005) 16 Pravova derzhava 381 (in Ukrainian). 
35. Opanasenko V, ‘Zlochyny proty vstanovlenoho poriadku zbyrannia ta fiksuvannia dokaziv u systemi zlochyniv proty pravosuddia’ [‘Offenses Against the Established Procedure for Collecting and Recording Evidence in the System of Crimes Against Justice’] (2016) 1 Pravo i hromadianske suspilstvo 73 (in Ukrainian). 
36. Paliukh L, ‘Do pytannia pro rodovyi ob’iekt zlochyniv proty pravosuddia’ [‘On the Question of the Generic Object of Crimes Against Justice’] (2008) 3 Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav 7 (in Ukrainian). 
37. Tiutiuhin V ta Hrodetskyi Yu, ‘Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za pohrozu abo nasylstvo shchodo suddi, narodnoho zasidatelia chy prysiazhnoho (komentar do st. 377 KK Ukrainy Ukrainy)’ [‘Criminal Liability for a Threat or Violence Against a Judge, People’s Assessor or Jury (Commentary on Article 377 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)’] (2010) 112 Problemy zakonnosti 99 (in Ukrainian). 
38. Khavroniuk M, ‘Stattia 376 Kryminalnoho kodeksu Ukrainy: zdobutok chy prorakhunok?’ [‘Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: an Achievement or an Error?’] (2009) 10 Visnyk Verkhovnoho Sudu Ukrainy 6 (in Ukrainian). 
39. Paliukh L, ‘Klasyfikatsiia zlochyniv proty pravosuddia’ [‘Classification of Crimes Against Justice’] (2018) 2 Pidpryiemnytstvo, hospodarstvo i pravo 176 (in Ukrainian). 

Thesis abstracts 
40. Alekseieva N, ‘Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za zlochyny proty pravosuddia, shcho vchyniaiutsia svidkamy, ekspertamy, perekladachamy abo shchodo nykh’ [‘Criminal Liability for Crimes Against Justice Committed by Witnesses, Experts, Interpreters or Against them’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2017) (in Ukrainian). 
41. Vakulyk O, ‘Kryminalno-pravova kharakterystyka prymushuvannia davaty pokazannia’ [‘Criminal-legal Characteristic of Coercion to Testify’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2011) (in Ukrainian). 
42. Holovchuk V, ‘Kryminalno-pravova okhorona poriadku vykonannia sudovykh rishen’ [Criminal Law Enforcement order Execution of Court Decisions] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2012) (in Ukrainian). 
43. Didyk S, ‘Kryminalno-pravova okhorona pravosuddia vid nezakonnykh diian suddi yak spetsialnoho sub’iekta zlochynu’ [‘Criminal Justice Protection Against Illegal Actions of a Judge as a Special Subject of a Crime’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2009) (in Ukrainian). 
44. Yednak V, ‘Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za postanovlennia suddeiu (suddiamy) zavidomo nepravosudnoho vyroku, rishennia, ukhvaly abo postanovy z koryslyvykh motyviv’ [‘Criminal Liability for the Decision of a Judge (Judges) of a Knowingly Unjust Sentence, a Decision, Ruling or Ruling on Mercenary Motives’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2015) (in Ukrainian). 
45. Kvasnevska N, ‘Vidpovidalnist za postanovlennia suddeiu (suddiamy) zavidomo nepravosudnoho vyroku, rishennia, ukhvaly abo postanovy v Ukraini (kryminalnopravove ta kryminolohichne doslidzhennia)’ [‘Responsibility for the Decision of a Judge (Judges) of a Knowingly Unjust Sentence, Decision, Decree or Ruling in Ukraine (Criminal Law and Criminal Investigation)’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2009) (in Ukrainian). 
46. Mandro O, ‘Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za zlochyny, shcho posiahaiut na zhyttia ta zdorovia narodnoho zasidatelia chy prysiazhnoho’ [‘Criminal Liability for Crimes Affecting the Life and Health of People’s Assessor or Juror’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2014) (in Ukrainian). 
47. Melnyk R, ‘Kryminalno-pravova kharakterystyka zavidomo nezakonnykh zatrymannia, pryvodu, areshtu ta trymannia pid vartoiu (st. 371 KK Ukrainy)’ [‘Criminal Law Characteristic of Unlawful Detention, Dismissal, Arrest and Detention (Article 371 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2008) (in Ukrainian). 
48. Ponomarova M, ‘Kryminalno-pravova kharakterystyka skladu zlochynu postanovlennia suddeiu (suddiamy) zavidomo nepravosudnoho vyroku, rishennia, ukhvaly abo postanovy’ [‘Criminal-legal Characteristic of the Crime of the Decision by a Judge (Judges) of a Knowingly Unjust Sentence, Decision, Decree or Ruling’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2018) (in Ukrainian). 
49. Trushkivska L, ‘Kryminalno-pravova okhorona osobystykh blah zakhysnyka chy predstavnyka osoby u zv’iazku z nadanniam nymy pravovoi dopomohy (st.st. 398, 400 KK Ukrainy)’ [‘Criminal Defense of Personal Benefits of a Defender or a representative of a Person in Connection with the Provision of Legal Assistance (Article 398, 400 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2013) (in Ukrainian). 
50. Yushyna Yu, ‘Posiahannia na pravosuddia, shcho zdiisniuiutsia u protsesi perevirky informatsii pro vchyneni abo pidhotovliuvani zlochyny (kryminalno-pravovyi aspekt)’ [‘Attacks on Justice, Carried out in the Process of Checking Information about Committed or Prepared Crimes (Criminal-Law Aspect)’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, 2012) (in Ukrainian). 

Dissertations 
51. Bohoniuk H, ‘Kryminalno-pravova kharakterystyka nevykonannia sudovoho rishennia’ [‘Criminal Law Characteristic of Non-enforcement of a Court Decision’] (dys kand yuryd nauk, Lviv derzh un-t vnutr sprav 2016) (in Ukrainian). 
52. Zalisko O, ‘Pravosuddia v Ukraini yak ob’iekt kryminalno-pravovoi okhorony’ [‘Justice in Ukraine as an Object of Criminal Law Protection’] (dys kand yuryd nauk, 2015) (in Ukrainian). 
53. Melnychenko M, ‘Kryminalno-pravova okhorona poriadku oderzhannia dokaziv u kryminalnomu provadzhenni’ [‘Criminal Defense of the Order of Obtaining Evidence in Criminal Proceedings’] (dys kand yuryd nauk, 2016) (in Ukrainian). 
54. Fedorov A, ‘Ponjatie i klassifikacija prestuplenij protiv pravosudija’ [‘The Concept and Classification of Crimes Against Justice’] (dis kand jurid nauk, 2004) (in Russian). 
55. Shepitko M, ‘Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za zavidomo nepravdyve pokazannia’ [‘Criminal Liability for Knowingly False Testimony’] (dys kand yuryd nauk, 2011) (in Ukrainian).