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| Article title | Citizenship and Vaccine Nationalism in Action (Revitalization of Freedom of Movement in the European Union) | ||
| Authors |
Dr hab, Associate professor, Professor of Theory and Philosophy of Law, Constitutional and International Department National University Lviv Politechnic (Lviv, Ukraine) ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-7626 Researcher ID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/T-1252-2017 iryna.d.sofinska@lpnu.ua
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| Name of magazine | Legal journal «Law of Ukraine» (Ukrainian version) | ||
| Issue | 8/2021 | ||
| Сторінки | [186-198] | ||
| Annotation | The COVID-19 pandemic has suddenly changed the usual world order: from global and large-scale restriction (segmentation) of human rights and freedoms to increasing discrimination, segregation, intolerance and censorship of opinions and expressions, vaccine nationalism. By slowing down migration and suspending the freedom of movement of persons, there was a “clash” between the protection of universal human rights and national security, ethics, morality, and consumerism. This virus does not have a passport, neither it has a nationality. Constitutional and ideological values, democracy, the rule of law need significant rethinking under the influence of the spread of COVID-19 in Europe and the world. Vaccine nationalism is what we observe in present days globally. Governments of wealthy and happy countries worldwide prioritize vaccine production and distribution by signing bilateral agreements with pharmaceutical companies and breaching competition rules (abuse of dominant position, prevent access to vaccine market, selective and exclusive production and distribution). In some countries, vaccination is permitted only to citizens, not considering vulnerable population groups who are residents of this country. Vaccine nationalism does not involve cohesion and cooperation to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic but rather diversification from the global to the local level. A complete reset of the ideological core of constitutional values in the context of the triad of relations “personstatesociety” is urgently needed. The introduction of the EU COVID-19 certificate is designed to revitalize the freedom of movement of persons, restore the business and economy of EU member states, reduce unemployment, and prevent discrimination and segregation of people, segmentation of human rights. This article aims to justify the introduction of the EU COVID-19 certificate as a result of overcoming vaccine nationalism through solidarity and cooperation, as well as a compromise between EU authorities and national governments of EU member states to uphold constitutional values, ensure national security, guarantee human rights and restore freedom of movement of persons. Few issues like universal human rights, citizenship, passport issuance, vaccine nationalism are research items for C. Benoit, J. McBride, J. Dzankic, L. Piccoli, D. Ruedin, S. Rainsy, P. Spiro, J. Torpey. In Ukraine, deep research on such issues is not well-done, incomplete, and sporadic. Recent ECtHR judgments in Feilazoo v. Malta (2021) and communications with state governments in Spînu v. Romania (no. 29443/20), Magdić v. Croatia (no. 17578/20) are beneficial in the context of significant restrictions on human rights.
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| Keywords | citizenship; passport; vaccine nationalism; freedom of movement; migration; European Union | ||
| References |
Bibliography Authored books 1. Sofinska І, Philosofsko-pravova viziia doktryny hromadianstva (Kameniar 2018) (in Ukrainian).
Edited books 2. Blackstone’s EU Treaties and Legislation 2009–2010 (Foster N ed, Oxford University Press 2009) 632–3 (in English).
Journal articles 3. Benoit C, ‘Force and Effect: A Look at the Passport in the Context of Citizenship’ [2014] 82(6) Fordham Law Review 3307–40 (in English) 4. Callaway E, ‘The unequal scramble for coronavirus vaccines – by the numbers’ [2020] 584 Nature 506–7 <10.1038/d41586-020-02450-x> (in English). 5. Lagman J D N, ‘Vaccine nationalism: a predicament in ending the COVID-19 pandemic’ [2021] 43(2) Journal of Public Health 375–6 <10.1093/pubmed/fdab088> (in English). 6. Piccoli L, Dzankic J, Ruedin D, ‘Citizenship, Migration and Mobility in a Pandemic (CMMP): A global dataset of COVID-19 restrictions on human movement’ [2021] 16 (3) PLoS ONE <doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248066> (in English). 7. Spiro P, ‘The (Dwindling) Rights and Obligations of Citizenship’ [2013] 21 (899) William & Mary Bill Rights Journal 899–923 (in English). 8. Torpey J, ‘Coming and Going: On the State Monopolization of the Legitimate “Means of Movement”’ [1997] 16 (3) Sociological Theory 239–59 (in English). 9. Sofinska I, ‘COVID-19 і sanitarna pasportyzatsija: quo vadis Europa Unionis?’ (2021) 1 Tchasopys Kyjivs’koho uniwersytetu prawa 80–5 <10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.13> (in Ukrainian). 10. Sofinska I, ‘Pasport: global’ni wyklyky – lokal’ni rishennja’ (2020) 3 Tchasopys Kyjivs’koho uniwersytetu prawa 342–8 <10.36695/2219-5521.3.2020.62> (in Ukrainian). 11. Sofinska I, ‘Hromadjanstwo, migratsija ta (ne)swoboda peresuwannja w Jewropejs’komu Sojuzi’ (2020) 7 Pravo Ukrajiny 230–45 <10.33498/louu-2020-07-230> (in Ukrainian). Newspaper articles 12. Ghebreyesus Adhanom T, ‘Vaccine Nationalism Harms Everyone and Protects No One’ (Foreign Policy, 2.02.2021) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/02/vaccine-nationalismharmseveryone-and-protects-no-one> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English). 13. Lederer E M, ‘UN chief warns “vaccine nationalism” is moving at full speed’ (AP News, 10.12.2020) <https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-pandemicantonioguterres-africa-united-nations-f02e0245d56259040643abe37e564fd0> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English). 14. Mayta R, Shailaja KK, Nyong’o A, ‘Vaccine nationalism is killing us. We need an internationalist approach’ (The Guardian, 17.06.2021) <https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2021/jun/17/covid-vaccine-nationalism-internationalist-approach> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English). 15. Rainsy S, ‘Immunity Passports: A proposal to revive tourism, international trade and transport’ (The Brussels Times, 12.04.2020) <https://www.brusselstimes.com/ opinion/105720/immunity-passports-a-proposal-to-revive-tourism-international-tradeandtransportand-the-world-economy> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English). 16. Weintraub R, Bitton A, Rosenberg M L, ‘The Danger of Vaccine Nationalism’ (Harvard Business Review, 22.05.2020) <https://hbr.org/2020/05/the-danger-of-vaccinenationalism> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English).
Websites 17. ‘Belgian Court orders AstraZeneca to deliver vaccine doses to the EU’ (18.06.2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3090> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English). 18. ‘EU Digital COVID Certificate enters into application in the EU] (01.07.2021) <https:// ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3343> (accessed: 15.08.2021) (in English). 19. McBride J, ‘An Analysis of Covid-19 Responses and ECHR Requirements’ (ECHR blog, 27.03.2020) <http://echrblog.blogspot.com/2020/03/an-analysis-of-covid-19responsesand. html> (accessed: 15.05.2020) (in English). 20. ‘Immigration law enforcement in the EU – figures for 2020’ (Eurostat, 14.07.2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210714-1> (accessed: 15.05.2020) (in English). 21. ‘EU clears way for the EU Digital COVID Certificate’ (14.06.2021) <https://ec.europa. eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_21_2965> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English). 22. ‘EU Digital COVID Certificate’ (17.07.2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-worktraveleu/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans/eu-digital-covidcertificate_ en> (accessed: 15.05.2021) (in English).
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