In our opinion, the urgency of the problem mentioned in the title is primarily due to the need to know the history of Ukrainian statehood, in particular, as one of the stages of its development, the period of Ukrainian lands in the largest empires of modern times from new methodological positions.

This article does not claim to be empirical or factual. Its main goal is to explore the peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian legal and self-governing traditions in both empires as a Ukrainian substitute statehood.

The latter is proposed to be understood mainly as a system of customary law and the organization of local self-government for Ukrainian society. Thus, in the difficult political conditions of both empires, they were aimed at continuing Ukrainian legal and self-governing traditions, and became for Ukrainians “compensatory substitutes” for the really lost state, a kind of substitute for national statehood, through which they tried to organize national life.

The development of Ukrainian customary law of that time is studied in the context of preserving the immanent features of the Ukrainian mentality, which emphasized individuality and respect for the individual, tolerated the desire for social and personal freedom. It is emphasized that this feature of the Ukrainian customary law culture could not be objectively ignored in the implementation of, in particular, the Russian-imperial legal policy.

Emphasis is placed on the unequal political and legal conditions of life of the Ukrainian community in both empires. It is emphasized that the consequences of the establishment of a constitutional order in Imperial Austria allowed Western Ukrainians to develop additional substitutes, such as the possibility of realizing their political life through the activities of numerous cultural and educational societies and later political parties, Austrian law.

 As a result, it is believed that in both empires Ukrainian legal and self-governing traditions developed in general “not so much for as opposed to”, that is, their development – the merit of the Ukrainian people, who in difficult geopolitical conditions managed to preserve the core of self-organization. It is believed that this is a sign of Europeanness and European state and legal tradition.

Bibliography

Authored books

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28. Ruskii pravotar domovyi abo kozhnomu prystupne poiasnenie, v yakyi sposib kozhnyi pry hramotakh pravnykh vsiakoho roda sam zastupatys i potribni pysma yak podania, prosby i t. i. bez pomochy advokata z povnoiu syloiu pravnoiu sporiadzhaty mozhe. Tom pershyi: Zakon tsyvilnyi vraz z dotychnymy dopovneniamy, poiasneniamy – i bilshe yak 200 rizhnorodnymy vzirtsiamy ta prykladamy (Ulozhyly Vasyl Lukych i Yulian Semyhynivskyi. Pershe vydanie. Koshtom Vasylia Lukycha, Lviv: Z drukarni Tovarystva imeni Shevchenka, pid zariadom K. Bednarskoho, 1885) (in Ukrainian).

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32. Zbirnyk zakoniv administratsiinykh (ulozhyv dr. Demian Savchak. Lviv, Nakladom avtora 1893) (in Ukrainian).

Journal articles

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35. Holovko O, ‘Mistse ukrainskoho prava u pravovykh systemakh Rosiiskoi ta Avstriiskoi (Avstro-Uhorskoi) imperii’ (2020) 1 Pravo Ukrainy 159 (in Ukrainian).

36. Hoshovska V, ‘Rol Lesi Ukrainky v istorii stanovlennia ukrainskoho sotsial-demokratychnoho rukhu’ (2016) 1 Politychni instytuty ta protsesy 26 (in Ukrainian).

37. Kappeler A, ‘Mazepyntsi, malorosy, khokhly: ukraintsi v etnichnii iierarkhii Rosiiskoi imperii’ (2001) 5 Kyivska starovyna 8 (in Ukrainian).

38. Korostashov O, ‘Osoblyvosti pravovoho rehuliuvannia deiakykh suspilnykh vidnosyn u Poltavskii i Chernihivskii huberniiakh u XIX stolitti’ (2000) 1 Pravo Ukrainy 129 (in Ukrainian).

39. Kozachenko A, ‘Zemskyi liberalno-demokratychnyi rukh ta formuvannia idei ukrainskoho konstytutsionalizmu v druhii polovyni XIX – pochatku XX st.’ (2019) 2 Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal 25–28 (in Ukrainian).

40. Morhun O, ‘Ukrainski diiachi v zemstvakh’ (1969) 1 3 Ukrainskyi istoryk 56–68 (in Ukrainian). 41. Nykyforak M, Bukovyna v derzhavno-pravovii systemi Avstrii (1774–1918 rr.) (Ruta 2004) 268 (in Ukrainian).

42. Taraborin R, ‘Grazhdanskoe pravo Chernigovskoj i Poltavskoj gubernij Rossii v pervoj polovine XIX veka: istochniki i instituty’ (2011) 3 Nauchnyj vestnik Ural’skoj akademii gosudarstvennoj sluzhby: politologija, jekonomika, sociologija, pravo 212 (in Russian).

 43. Terliuk I, ‘“Derzhava” i “derzhavnist”: do problemy teoretyko-pravovoho ta istorykopravovoho zmistu poniat v konteksti ukrainskoho (natsionalnoho) derzhavotvorennia’ [2021] (8)1(29) Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu “Lvivska politekhnika”. Seriia: “Iurydychni nauky” 17 (in Ukrainian). 44. Terliuk I, ‘Populiarni zbirnyky prava druhoi polovyny XIX – pochatku XX st. avstriiskoi Halychyny yak dzherelo vyvchennia prava, pravovoi dumky ta suspilno-politychnykh protsesiv’ (2015) 20 Ukraina XX st.: kultura, ideolohiia, polityka. Zbirnyk statei 263 (in Ukrainian).

45. Terliuk I, ‘Rosiiany v Ukraini: istorychni osoblyvosti zaselennia ta formuvannia sotsialnoho y polityko-pravovoho statusu’ [2015] 51 (1) Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Seriia istorychna 255–273 (in Ukrainian).

46. Verkhovtseva I, ‘“Poradyvshys mizh soboiu odnoholosno pryhovoryly…”: praktyka provedennia skhodiv i stanovlennia pravosvidomosti ta samovriaduvannia selian v Rosiiskii imperii (druha polovyna XIX – pochatok XX st.)’ [2016] 45 (1) Naukovi pratsi istorychnoho fakultetu Zaporizkoho natsionalnoho universytetu 103 (in Ukrainian).

47. Verkhovtseva I, ‘Naratyvni dzherela pro selianske samovriaduvannia druhoi polovyny XIX st.’ (2013) 28 Intelihentsiia i vlada. Seriia: Istoriia 153 (in Ukrainian).

48. Verkhovtseva I, ‘Zvychaieve pravo u selianskomu samovriaduvanni v Ukraini druhoi polovyny XIX – pochatok XX st.’ (2014) 2 Istoryko-politychni studii 13 (in Ukrainian).

Conference papers

49. Moroz S, ‘Pytannia mistsevoho samovriaduvannia u polityko-pravovii dumtsi Ukrainy kintsia XVIII pochatku XX stolittia’ v Problemy derzhavotvorennia i zakhystu prav liudyny v Ukraini. Materialy XI rehionalnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii (LNU im I Franka 2005) (in Ukrainian). 50. Terliuk I, ‘Systema mistsevoho samovriaduvannia v Halychyni ta Bukovyni chasu imperskoi Avstrii (Avstro-Uhorshchyny)’ v Materialy XXVIII Mizhnarodnoi istorykopravovoi konferentsii “Liudynotsentrystskyi vymir v istorii prava, derzhavy i yurydychnoi dumky: do 150-richchia pochatku naukovoi diialnosti M. P. Drahomanova” (Usenko I holova red kolehii, Andrusyshyn B zastupnyk holovy, Makarchuk A vidp sekr, Vyd-vo NPU imeni M P Drahomanova 2013) (in Ukrainian).

Theses

51. Pankevych I, ‘Instytut vybornosti yak skladova ukrainskoi pravovoi tradytsii (istorykopravove doslidzhennia)’ (avtoref d-ra yuryd nauk, 2016) (in Ukrainian). 52. Stetsiuk N, ‘Konstytutsionalizm v ukrainskii politychnii ta pravovii dumtsi (seredyna XIX – kinets 80-kh rokiv XX st.)’ (avtoref kand yuryd nauk, 2003) (in Ukrainian).