In the EU, radicalization and violent extremism leading to terrorism are understood as a dynamic process of influence on a person, during which he comes to accept violence in the form of terror as a possible, probable, illegal way of acting. These are global issues that are not limited by any nationality, ethnic group, religion, ideology or gender identity. It has been proven that the complexity of factors contributing to the spread of radicalization and violent extremism indicates the need for a comprehensive strategy aimed at their prevention, which should be developed in accordance with the norms of international law and taking into account the need to respect human rights, and relate to various aspects, in particular, security, proper management, conflict prevention, education, socio-economic development, youth employment and communication. The main program documents of the EU on countering radicalization and violent extremism were analyzed: the 2005 EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy, the 2010 EU Internal Security Strategy, the 2015 European Security Agenda. Attention is focused on the importance of the activities of RAN, IMPACT Europe, and the Group of Experts of the High-Level Commission on Radicalization (HLCEG-R), which have become tools of the EU policy on countering radicalization and violent terrorism. An analysis of the European experience in preventing radicalization and violent extremism was carried out using the examples of Norway, Northern Ireland and Kosovo. It is well-founded that the effectiveness of countering radicalization and violent extremism, which lead to terrorism, also depends on the presence of appropriate legal support, which regulates the specified sphere of social relations, defines the limits of competence of authorized state bodies and types of legal responsibility, mechanisms for coordinating the activities of state authorities and their principles interaction with the public. The need for a legislative definition of the concept of “radicalism” and the introduction of responsibility for radicalism as a separate type of offense, the introduction of appropriate changes to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine, the criminalization of such phenomena as the propaganda of terrorism and the public justification of terrorism, and the legislative definition of the authorized state body, which were b assigned the functions of the state coordinator in the field of prevention of radicalization and violent extremism. The need to involve the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine, the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the State Criminal Enforcement Service of Ukraine, public organizations and religious communities in the implementation of programs aimed at countering radicalization and violent extremism is substantiated. prevention of such destructive phenomena, integration of those who were influenced by extremist ideas; ensuring implementation at the national level of the “Educational Security Service Officer” project initiated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the National Police.

The need to develop in Ukraine the Concept of Countering Radicalization and Violent Extremism or the inclusion of a corresponding section in the Concept of Combating Terrorism has been proven.

Bibliography

Authored books

1. Baker-Beall C, The European Union’s fight against terrorism: discourse, policies, identity (Manchester University Press 2016).

2. Koehler D, Understanding Deradicalization: Methods, Tools and Programs for Countering Violent Extremism (Taylor & Francis 2017).

3. Richards J, Extremism, Radicalization and Security: An Identity Theory Approach (Palgrave Macmillan 2017).

Edited books

4. Webber D, Kruglanski A, ‘Psychological Factors in Radicalization: A “3N” Approach’ In G LaFree and J Freilich (eds), The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism (Wiley Blackwell 2017) 33–46.

5. Aktualni pytannia protydii teroryzmu u sviti ta v Ukraini: analit. dopovid (O Reznikova (red), NISD 2017).

 6. Zapobihannia radykalizatsii i teroryzmu: mizhnarodnyi dosvid i natsionalnyi vymir: zb. mater. “kruhloho stolu” (M Hutsalo red, NISD 2012).

Journal articles

7. Doosje B, Moghaddam F M, Kruglanski A, de Wolf A, Mann L, Feddes A R, ‘Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization’ [2016] 11 Current Opinion in Psychology 79–84.

8. Kruglanski A, Gelfand M, Bélanger J, Sheveland A, Hetiarachchi M, Gunaratna R, ‘The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism’ [2014] 35(1) Advances in Political Psychology 69–93.

9. Yusoufzai Kh, Emmerling Fr, ‘Explaining violent radicalization in Western Muslims: A four factor model’ [2017] 8(1) Journal of Terrorism Research 68–80.

10. Karpchuk N, ‘Initsiatyvy Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu u borotbi z propahandoiu teroryzmu’ [2020] 6(2) Humanitarian vision = Humanitarni vizii 15–20.

11. Lavrynovych O, ‘Intehratsiia musulmanskykh spilnot u yevropeiskyi prostir v konteksti hlobalnykh mihratsiinykh protsesiv’ [2013] 3–4 Relihiia ta sotsium 208–213.

12. Palamarchuk M, ‘Protydiia ekstremizmu v Ukraini: napriamy optymizatsii pravovoho zabezpechennia’ [2012] 3 Stratehichni priorytety 102–106.

13. Podorozhna T, ‘Bezpeka Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu kriz pryzmu diialnosti mizhnarodnykh orhaniv i orhanizatsii, yaki vedut borotbu z teroryzmom’ [2023] 3 Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu prava 233–239. 14. Pokrovska A, ‘Problemy ta dosiahnennia polityky protydii radykalizatsii u Yevropi’ [2017] 4(45) Stratehichni priorytety 180–189.

Newspaper articles

15. Farinelli F, ‘EU action on radicalisation needs to be targeted at grassroots level’ (The Parliament, 18 Mar 2019) <https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/partner/article/euactionon-radicalisation-needs-to-be-targeted-at-grassroots-level> (accessed 12.12.2024).

Websites

16. Prisons and Terrorism Radicalisation and De-radicalisation in 15 Countries (International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence 2010) <https://www.clingendael. org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Prisons-and-terrorism-15-countries.pdf> (accessed 12.12.2024).

17. Radicalisation Awareness Network, 2013. Discussion paper: high-level conference on ‘empowering local actors to prevent violent extremism’ <https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/ system/files/2016-12/hlc_discussion_paper_en.pdf> (accessed 16.12.2024).

18. Right-wing violent extremism and terrorism in the European Union: discussion paper. EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator. 30 August 2019 <http://www.statewatch.org/media/ documents/news/2019/sep/eu-council-ctc-right-wing-11756-19.pdf> (accessed 12.12.2024).

19. Misiura A, Analitychna zapyska “Inozemnyi dosvid protydii teroryzmu: vysnovky dlia Ukrainy” (NISD 03.02.2017) <https://www.niss.gov.ua/doslidzhennya/nacionalna-bezpeka/ inozemniy-dosvid-protidii-terorizmu-visnovki-dlya-ukraini> (accessed 19.12.2024).

 20. Tarasiuk T, ‘Radykalizatsiia yak instrument: aktualnist ta otsinka ryzykiv’ (Fond “Demokratychni initsiatyvy” im. Ilka Kucheriva, 11 veresnia 2023) <https://dif.org.ua/ article/radikalizatsiya-yak-instrument-aktualnist-ta-otsinka-rizikiv> (accessed 19.12.2024).