| Annotation |
The article focuses on the modern theoretical, statutory and regulatory, and pragmatic prerequisites for the doctrinal recognition of the State as a subject of legal responsibility to an individual in the criminal process. The obligation of the State to be responsible to an individual for its actions is formulated in Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine; however, this issue is actually disregarded in scientific research: the theory of the State as a legal entity under public law is still underdeveloped, and thus there is no concept of legal responsibility of the State in general and in the criminal process in particular; and there is no elaboration of the theoretical model of the legal mechanism by which officials may be made responsible if they commit criminal procedural offenses, by recourse to the State. All this, as well as other issues, hinder the timely improvement of legislation and, consequently, complicate the implementation of the constitutional right of an individual to indemnification of the damage caused by the State’s bodies and officials. The purpose of the article is to provide a doctrinal rationale for the theoretical provisions of the State as a legal entity under public law and its legal responsibility to an individual in the criminal process, and their implementation in relevant legislation. Based on the critical analysis of legislation and literary sources, the authors formulate the main theses of the article as follows: the State as a legal entity under public law acts as a subject of law and legal responsibility to an individual, and this establishes, guarantees and ensures the observance of human rights, and if they are breached – reinstates them and indemnifies for its guilt; legal responsibility of the rule-of-law State to an individual as a constitutional principle is not fully specified in the criminal procedural legislation; legal responsibility has a public law nature, and therefore the initiative of indemnification for the damage caused by bodies and officials of the State should come, in the first place, from the subjects which caused the damage; the State’s responsibility to its citizens is realized through a system of bilateral legal relations according to the following scheme: the State is responsible to an individual, and an official vested with functional powers is responsible to the State in case of improper implementation of such powers. Given the provisions presented in the article, the authors arrive at the conclusions that there is an urgent need to develop a holistic scientific doctrine of the State’s legal responsibility to an individual, with due regard for its characteristics in the criminal process. This involves a scientific development of theoretical models of essential elements to offenses under criminal procedure law in accordance with their social danger and consequences for human rights, where such offences are committed by the subjects vested with power, for the sake of individualization of legal responsibility in criminal and administrative legislation. Based on the elaborated theoretical structure, the authors suggest that the comprehensive law “On Responsibility of the State for Damage Caused to an Individual” be adopted. Rehabilitation is the form via which the State’s legal responsibility to an individual is implemented in the criminal process, and legislative provisions regarding rehabilitation should be enshrined in the CCrP of Ukraine. This will allow to eliminate the declarative nature and uncertainty of some provisions of legislation and to introduce an efficient mechanism for the protection of human rights against the arbitrariness of public officials. |
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References
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List of legal documents
Legislation
1. Evropejskaja konvencija po vozmeshheniju ushherba zhertvam nasil’stvennyh prestuplenij [European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes] (ETS № 116). Strasburg, 24 nojabrja 1983 g. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/994_319 accessed 30 August 2018 (in Russian).
2. Konstytutsiia Ukrainy [The Constitution of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 28 chervnia 1996 r. № 254k/96-VR. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy.
1996. № 30. St. 141 (in Ukrainian).
3. Kryminalnyi protsesualnyi kodeks Ukrainy [The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 13 kvitnia 2012 r. № 4651-VI. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2013. № 9-10, № 11-12, № 13. St. 88 (in Ukrainian).
4. Pro poriadok vidshkoduvannia shkody, zavdanoi hromadianynovi nezakonnymy diiamy orhaniv, shcho zdiisniuiut operatyvno-rozshukovu diialnist, orhaniv dosudovoho rozsliduvannia, prokuratury i sudu [On the Procedure for Indemnification of Damage Caused to a Citizen by Unlawful Actions of Bodies Conducting Operational Investigative Activities, Bodies of Pre-Trial Investigation, Prosecution and Court]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 1 hrudnia 1994 r. № 266/94-ВР. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1995. № 1. St. 1 (in Ukrainian).
5. On Rehabilitation of Victims of Repressions of the Communist Totalitarian Regime in 1917-1991: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 17 kvitnia 1991 р. № 962-XII. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/962-12/ed20181011 (accessed 30 August 2018) (in Ukrainian).
6. Tsyvilnyi kodeks Ukrainy [The Civil Code of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy [the Law of Ukraine] vid 16 sichnia 2003 r. № 435-IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2003. №№ 40–44. St. 356 (in Ukrainian).
Bibliography
Authored books
7. Chirkin V, Juridicheskoe lico publichnogo prava [Legal Entity under Public Law] (Norma 2007) (in Russian).
8. Djugi L, Konstitucionnoe pravo. Obshhaja teorija gosudarstva [Constitutional Law. General Theory of State] (Tip-fija izdt-va I.D.Sytina 1908) (in Russian).
9. Hachaturov R i Lipinskij D, Obshhaja teorija juridicheskoj otvetstvennosti [General Theory of Legal Responsibility] (Jurid. centr Press 2007) (in Russian).
10. Korkunov N, Lekcii po obshhej teorii prava [Lectures on General Theory of Law] (ROSSPJeN 2010) (in Russian).
11. Sorokin V, Juridicheskaja otvetstvennost’: duhovno-nravstvennyj podhod [Legal Responsibility: Spiritual and Moral Approach] (Jurlitinform 2018) (in Russian).
Edited books
12. Hachaturov R i drugie, Juridicheskaja otvetstvennost’: filosofskij, sociologicheskij, psihologicheskij i mezhotraslevoj aspekty [Legal Responsibility: Philosophical, Sociological, Psychological and Intersectoral Aspects] (Jurlitinform 2017) (in Russian).
13. Onishchenko N (red), Instytut yurydychnoi vidpovidalnosti u demokratychnykh pravovykh systemakh [Legal Responsibility Institute in Democratic Legal Systems] (In-t derzhavy i prava im V M Koretskoho NAN Ukrainy 2009) (in Ukrainian).
Journal articles
14. Bojcova L, ‘Otvetstvennost’ gosudarstva za oshibki pravosudija v anglo-amerikanskom prave’ [‘Responsibility of the State for the Miscarriage of Justice in Anglo-American Law’] (1997) 1 Pravovedenie 132 (in Russian).
15. Seredjuk V, ‘Vіdpovіdal’nіst’ derzhavi jak element ponjattja “pravova derzhava” [‘Responsibility of the State as an Element of the Rule-of-Law State Concept’] (2015) 1 Chasopis Kiїvs’kogo un-tu prava 42 (in Ukrainian).
16. Shumylo M, ‘Pro pryntsyp vidpovidalnosti derzhavy pered osoboiu u kryminalnomu sudochynstvi’ [‘On the Principle of the State’s Responsibility to an Individual in Criminal Proceedings’] (2010) 2 Chasopys Nats un-tu “Ostrozka akademiia” Pravo 1 (in Ukrainian).
Thesis abstracts
17. Cherepanova O, ‘Realizacija principa vzaimnoj otvetstvennosti gosudarstva i lichnosti (voprosy teorii)’ [‘Implementation of the Principle of Mutual Responsibility of the State and a Person (Theory)’] (avtoref dis kand jurid nauk, Akad upravlenija MVD 2012) (in Russian).
18. Cherviatsova A, ‘Konstytutsiino-pravova vidpovidalnist v systemi vydiv yurydychnoi vidpovidalnosti: teoretyko-pravovyi aspekt’ [‘Responsibility under Constitutional Law in the System of Legal Responsibility Types: a Theoretical Legal Aspect’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, Nats un-t vnutr sprav 2004) (in Ukrainian).
19. Huseinov L, ‘Vidpovidalnist derzhav za porushennia mizhnarodnykh zobov’iazan u haluzi prav liudyny’ [‘Responsibility of the States for Breach of International Human Rights Commitments’] (avtoref dys d-ra yuryd nauk, In-t derzh i prava im V M Koretskoho NAN Ukrainy 2000) (in Ukrainian).
20. Ivanchuk N, ‘Vzaiemna vidpovidalnist osoby i derzhavy v konteksti rozbudovy suchasnoi ukrainskoi derzhavy’ [‘Mutual Responsibility of an Individual and the State in the Context of Development of the Modern Ukrainian State’] (avtoref dys kand yuryd nauk, Kyivskyi nats un-t vnutr sprav 2007) (in Ukrainian).
21. Romanova V, ‘Juridicheskaja otvetstvennost’ gosudarstva’ [‘Legal Responsibility of the State’] (avtoref dis kand jurid nauk, Kazanskij gos un-t 2007) (in Russian).
22. Savchenko I, ‘Sotsialna vidpovidalnist orhaniv derzhavnoi vlady v umovakh rozbudovy sotsialnoi derzhavy’ [‘Social Responsibility of Public Authorities in the Context of Development of the Social State’] (avtoref dys kand nauk z derzh. upravlinnia, Kharkivskyi rehion. in-t derzh upravlinnia Nats akad derzh upravlinnia pry Prezydentovi Ukrainy 2007) (in Ukrainian).
Dissertations
23. Agadzhanov A, ‘Juridicheskaja otvetstvennost’ gosudarstva kak garantija zakonnosti: problemy teorii i praktiki v Rossijskoj Federacii’ [‘Legal Responsibility of the State as a Guarantee of Legality: Issues of Theory and Practice in the Russian Federation’] (dis kand jurid nauk, Juzhno-Ural’skij gos un-t 2006) (in Russian).
24. Poljakov C, ‘Princip vzaimnoj otvetstvennosti gosudarstva i lichnosti: teoretiko-pravovye i prikladnye aspekty’ [‘Principle of Mutual Responsibility of the State and a Person: Theoretical, Legal and Application Aspects’] (dis d-ra jurid nauk, Nizhegorodskaja akad MVD 2011) (in Russian).
Newspaper articles
25. Bahanets O, ‘Stan dotrymannia konstytutsiinykh prav hromadian pid chas dosudovoho rozsliduvannia’ [‘The State of Compliance with the Constitutional Rights of Citizens during Pre-Trial Investigation’] Yurydychnyi visnyk Ukrainy (Kyiv, № 39 (1212) 29 veresnia-4 zhovtnia 2018) 5 (in Ukrainian).
Websites
26. Bernatska N, ‘Miniust znaishov mekhanizm vykonannia rishennia YeSPL u spravi “Burmych ta inshi proty Ukrainy”’ [‘The Ministry of Justice Has Found a Mechanism to Execute the ECHR Judgment in Case of Burmych and Others vs. Ukraine’] Ministerstvo yustytsii Ukrainy (19 Kviten 2018) accessed 30 August 2018(in Ukrainian).
27. Holovan I, ‘Ne nesut niiakoi vidpovidalnosti 3. Strashna taiemnytsia Miniustu’ Ukrainska pravda_Blohy [‘Bear No Responsibility 3. The Terrible Secret of the Justice Ministry’] (04 Traven 2016)accessed 30 August 2018 (in Ukrainian).
28. Kristkova V ta Chovhan V, ‘Khto i yak maie kompensuvaty shkodu poterpilym vid zlochyniv na grunti nasyllia’ [‘Who and How Should Compensate the Damage to Victims of Violent Crimes’] Ukrainska pravda_Zhyttia (23 Zhovten 2017) accessed 30 August 2018 (in Ukrainian).
29. Rozvytok konstytutsiinoi doktryny ukrainskoi derzhavy v rishenniakh Konstytutsiinoho Sudu Ukrainy [Development of the Constitutional Doctrine of the Ukrainian State in the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine]: vystup doktora yurydychnykh nauk, profesora, akademika NAPrN Ukrainy, Holovy Konstytutsiinoho Sudu Ukrainy Baulina Yu.V., Kyiv, 24 chervnia 2014 roku accessed 30 August 2018 (in Ukrainian).
30. Shchodo nadannia derzhavoiu spetsialnoho sotsialnoho statusu poterpilym vid osoblyvo tiazhkykh zlochyniv ta vidshkoduvannia za rakhunok derzhavy materialnoi ta moralnoi shkody vkazanym osobam, iz obov’iazkovym vidshkoduvanniam vidshkoduvannia derzhavi zasudzhenymy ponesenykh vytrat [On the Granting by the State of a Special Social Status to Victims of Particularly Serious Crimes and Indemnification of These Persons for Pecuniary and Moral Damage at the Expense of the State, with Mandatory Indemnification of the State by Convicted Persons for the Expenses Incurred]: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy [Draft Law of Ukraine] № 3841 vid 29.01.2016 roku accessed 30 August 2018 (in Ukrainian).
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